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And since the plaza on which the circle was built was sloping, builders had to remove soil from the higher part and transfer it to the lower part. The Komakino circle in northern Japan (2000 bce) is made of three concentric rings that required 2,400 boulders taken up from the Arakawa riverbed 70 meters below the ridge where the stone circle was made. Some of these structures consist of one large upright stone in the center of a small stone cluster with the stones placed in a radiating pattern. But elaborate circles are also to be found at several sites in the more central Chubu region. Most of the circles are in the northern part of Japan. The Oyu stone circle comprises two large circles about 44 meters across and a number of other stone structures. Here too the question is, was this a local development, tied perhaps to some archetypal concept of space, or was it a specific technique that “arrived” at some point and was adopted and integrated into local traditions? Initially, there are fewer examples of megalithic tombs, but many examples of stone circles with some organized into square or oval patterns as well. This makes the Japanese examples strikingly different from the European and Asian examples. The megalithic architecture is still rooted in the world of the First Society. In Japan, the earliest megalithic architecture is not associated with the emergence of farming. Did one branch of the tradition move southward into India and another across the northern steppe through Russia-which might explain why it emerged in Korea and not China? Was it linked with the spread of the technologies associated with copper and later iron? The question naturally arises, how did megalithic ideology move across space and time? The uncanny similarities between tombs in Ireland and those in Korea cannot be just accidental. Some of these have capstones of enormous size. The dolmen compound known as Jungnim-ri in Korea, placed in a sacred valley, is thought to date from between the seventh and third centuries bce. In Japan and Korea megalithic architecture begins to appear around 2000 bce. India also has numerous so-called “hero stones” that honor the death of important chiefs.
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Two smaller stones, once positioned adjacent to each other, perhaps marked the entrance within the circle. All in all, the Megalith Era-when viewed globally-lasted an astonishing four thousand years. In India, of the thousands of dolmens and stone circles, only a few have received comprehensive study, making it impossible to reconstruct a larger geopolitical-ritual history of that era.51 The megalith of Asota is certainly one of the finest stone circles of the subcontinent and once comprised about 32 menhirs having an average height of about 3.5 meters the circle had a diameter of about 17 meters. Mounds, rings, and celestial observatories can be found in India, Japan, and Korea, even though they never took root in China, which remained more resolutely attached to an architecture of wood. But even these are just the tip of the iceberg. The megalithic tradition was hardly just a European and North African phenomenon. Thought to date from about 3000 bce, it is a circular construction built of local basalt fieldstones of various sizes. Another possible ritual center is also located in Israel, known as Rogem Hiri (Rujm al-Hiri in Arabic) some 16 kilometers east of the Sea of Galilee, on a desolate plateau. It dates from the fourth millennium bce or earlier. In a mountainous region of Armenia near the town of Sisian there is an impressive ritual site and celestial observatory consisting of at least 150 standing stones (Figure 10.74).